Table 1 Dropout reasons
From: Why do open and distance education students drop out? Views from various stakeholders
Theme | Category | Code frequencies based on participant groups | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Student | Field Expert | Instructor | Administrator | Support staff | Total | ||||||||
External reasons | Business life | 14a | 7b | 5 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 26 | 16 |
Financial reasons | 13 | 10 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 26 | 22 | |
Family life | 9 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 21 | 12 | |
External support/obstruction | 9 | 5 | 5 | 3 | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 16 | 10 | |
Social life* | 5 | 4 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5 | 4 | |
Life crises | 4 | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | 5 | 4 | |
Opportunity to transfer | – | 4 | 3 | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 5 | ||
Total | 54 | 15 | 20 | 5 | 15 | 6 | 9 | 3 | 11 | 6 | 109 | 35 | |
Internal reasons | Academic integration | 38 | 16 | 9 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 7 | 3 | 7 | 4 | 65 | 31 |
Social integration | 32 | 12 | 19 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 7 | 3 | 67 | 22 | |
Resources* | 26 | 9 | 3 | 3 | – | – | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 33 | 33 | |
Accessibility | 24 | 9 | 14 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 11 | 7 | 57 | 57 | |
Instructor characteristics* | 16 | 6 | 34 | 5 | 18 | 6 | 7 | 3 | 9 | 2 | 84 | 22 | |
Program compatibility | 15 | 6 | 3 | 3 | – | – | 1 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 23 | 23 | |
Utility | 11 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 20 | 20 | |
Exams* | 8 | 6 | – | – | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 17 | 12 | |
Perceived ease of completion* | 6 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 4 | 9 | 3 | 24 | 12 | |
Institutional commitment | 5 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | – | 10 | 7 | |
Absenteeism | 3 | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3 | 2 | |
Anxiety | 3 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3 | 1 | |
Course availability | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | 5 | 5 | |
Flexibility* | 2 | 2 | 5 | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 7 | 4 | |
Program fit | 2 | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 3 | |
Orientation* | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 4 | 3 | |
Diploma validity | 1 | 1 | – | – | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 5 | |
Motivation* | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | |
Satisfaction | – | – | 6 | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 6 | 3 | |
Total | 198 | 17 | 104 | 5 | 39 | 6 | 42 | 4 | 59 | 8 | 440 | 40 | |
Student skills | Digital literacy | 5 | 3 | 5 | 3 | – | – | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 14 | 9 |
Self-regulation* | 3 | 2 | 6 | 4 | – | – | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 13 | 10 | |
Total | 8 | 5 | 12 | 5 | – | – | 4 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 28 | 16 | |
Student characteristics | Personality structure* | 7 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | – | – | 16 | 11 |
Study habits | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 9 | 8 | |
Goal commitment | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 18 | 12 | |
Belief/preconception* | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | – | – | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 5 | |
Age | 3 | 2 | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | 4 | 3 | |
Self-suitability* | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | 2 | 2 | |
Academic background | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | – | – | 1 | 1 | 7 | 6 | |
Un/consciousness* | – | – | 2 | 1 | – | – | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 11 | 8 | |
Technical equipment facilities* | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | 1 | 1 | |
Total | 22 | 9 | 15 | 5 | 11 | 4 | 16 | 4 | 13 | 6 | 77 | 28 | |
General total | 281 | 17 | 151 | 5 | 65 | 6 | 71 | 4 | 87 | 8 | 654 | 40 | |