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Table 1 Comparison of pre-class quiz scores between the two groups

From: Effects of using mobile instant messaging on student behavioral, emotional, and cognitive engagement: a quasi-experimental study

Group

Number of participants

M (SD)

Mann–Whitney U

Wilcoxon W

Z

Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)

MIM

26

1.19 (1.44)

337.5

688.5

− 0.48

0.63

AOD

28

1.21 (1.13)