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Table 3 First-order measurement models

From: Gamification and active learning in higher education: is it possible to match digital society, academia and students' interests?

First-order measurement models (n = 132)

Control group (Group 1) and experimental group (Group 2)

Factor

Loadings a

AVE

CRI

Cronbach’s alpha

Block 1 – Students’ skills (SKI)

 

0.696

0.932

0.912

 SKI1

0.735

   

 SKI2

0.721

   

 SKI3

0.842

   

 SKI4

0.891

   

 SKI5

0.897

   

 SKI6

0.899

   

Block 2 – Students’ satisfaction (SAT)

 

0.836

0.910

0.810

 SAT1

0.880

   

 SAT2

0.947

   

First-order measurement models (n = 65)

Control group (Group 1)

Factor

Loadings a

AVE

CRI

Cronbach’s alpha

Block 1 – Students’ skills (SKI)

 

0.601

0.899

0.863

 SKI1

0.664

   

 SKI2

0.600

   

 SKI3

0.769

   

 SKI4

0.878

   

 SKI5

0.840

   

 SKI6

0.858

   

Block 2 – Students’ satisfaction (SAT)

 

0.812

0.896

0.779

 SAT1

0.856

   

 SAT2

0.944

   

First-order measurement models (n = 67)

Experimental group (Group 2)

Factor

Loadings a

AVE

CRI

Cronbach’s alpha

Block 1 – Students’ skills (SKI)

 

0.759

0.950

0.936

 SKI1

0.767

   

 SKI2

0.792

   

 SKI3

0.909

   

 SKI4

0.901

   

 SKI5

0.919

   

 SKI6

0.925

   

Block 2 – Students’ satisfaction (SAT)

 

0.867

0.929

0.848

 SAT1

0.917

   

 SAT2

0.945

   
  1. a To consider an indicator satisfactory for a measurement scale in PLS-SEM, the criterion provided by Chin (1998), Hair et al. (2016, 2017), and Hansen et al. (2013) is used
  2. AVE = average variance extracted; CRI = composite reliability index