Table 3 Construct and measurement model
Constructs | Items | Loading | Cronbach’s Alpha | AVE | CR | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cognitive engagement (CE) | Shallow | CE1 | 0.901 | 0.892 | 0.823 | 0.933 | Greene and Miller (1996) |
CE2 | 0.912 | ||||||
CE3 | 0.911 | ||||||
Meaningful | CE4 | 0.907 | 0.884 | 0.812 | 0.928 | ||
CE5 | 0.897 | ||||||
CE6 | 0.899 | ||||||
Cognitive presence (CP) | Triggering event | CP1 | 0.834 | 0.772 | 0.686 | 0.867 | Garrison et al. (2001) |
CP2 | 0.842 | ||||||
CP3 | 0.808 | ||||||
Exploration | CP4 | 0.843 | 0.799 | 0.714 | 0.882 | ||
CP5 | 0.815 | ||||||
CP6 | 0.876 | ||||||
Integration | CP7 | 0.833 | 0.789 | 0.703 | 0.877 | ||
CP8 | 0.844 | ||||||
CP9 | 0.839 | ||||||
Resolution | CP10 | 0.845 | 0.779 | 0.693 | 0.872 | ||
CP11 | 0.828 | ||||||
CP12 | 0.825 | ||||||
Knowledge sharing (KS) | Sense of self-worth | KS1 | 0.828 | 0.850 | 0.690 | 0.899 | Nandy (2015) |
KS2 | 0.799 | ||||||
KS3 | 0.847 | ||||||
KS4 | 0.848 | ||||||
Willingness to support | KS5 | 0.881 | 0.913 | 0.742 | 0.935 | ||
KS6 | 0.846 | ||||||
KS7 | 0.883 | ||||||
KS8 | 0.823 | ||||||
KS9 | 0.872 | ||||||
Reflective thinking (RT) | Habitual action | RT1 | 0.840 | 0.850 | 0.690 | 0.899 | Kember et al. (2000) |
RT5 | 0.821 | ||||||
RT9 | 0.787 | ||||||
RT13 | 0.873 | ||||||
Understanding | RT2 | 0.829 | 0.867 | 0.715 | 0.909 | ||
RT6 | 0.858 | ||||||
RT10 | 0.857 | ||||||
RT14 | 0.839 | ||||||
Reflection | RT3 | 0.855 | 0.859 | 0.703 | 0.904 | ||
RT7 | 0.870 | ||||||
RT11 | 0.785 | ||||||
RT15 | 0.842 | ||||||
Critical reflection | RT4 | 0.854 | 0.867 | 0.715 | 0.909 | ||
RT8 | 0.873 | ||||||
RT12 | 0.846 | ||||||
RT16 | 0.808 | ||||||
Knowledge construction (KC) | Problem understanding | KC1 | 0.767 | 0.874 | 0.569 | 0.902 | Tillema and van der Westhuizen (2006) |
KC2 | 0.730 | ||||||
KC3 | 0.791 | ||||||
KC4 | 0.722 | ||||||
KC5 | 0.777 | ||||||
KC6 | 0.719 | ||||||
KC7 | 0.772 | ||||||
Achieving perspective | KC8 | 0.843 | 0.912 | 0.656 | 0.930 | ||
KC9 | 0.806 | ||||||
KC10 | 0.776 | ||||||
KC11 | 0.788 | ||||||
KC12 | 0.811 | ||||||
KC13 | 0.794 | ||||||
KC14 | 0.848 | ||||||
Commitment | KC15 | 0.830 | 0.910 | 0.690 | 0.930 | ||
KC16 | 0.808 | ||||||
KC17 | 0.837 | ||||||
KC18 | 0.858 | ||||||
KC19 | 0.844 | ||||||
KC20 | 0.794 | ||||||