Integrating students’ perspectives about online learning: a hierarchy of factors

Table 3 Priorities of CSFs and Factor Reliability

Rank^a	Critical Success Factors	# of Items	n	Mean	Std Dev	Cronbach’s α
1	Basic Online Modality	5	818	1.4590	0.5521	0.7663
2	Instructional Support	8	816	1.6513	0.6403	0.8405
3	Teaching Presence	8	796	1.8270	0.7461	0.9233
4	Cognitive Presence	7	791	2.1715	0.7890	0.8957
5	Online Social Comfort	4	809	2.2464	0.9978	0.8602
6	Online Interactive Modality	3	818	2.2637	0.9892	0.7853
7	Social Presence	6	803	2.5571	0.9020	0.8611

^a Ranking is based on the average mean of students’ ranking importance of survey items: 1 = Very High, 2 = High, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Somewhat Low, and 5 = Very Low; Lower averages indicate greater importance