Does mobile instant messaging facilitate social presence in online communication? A two-stage study of higher education students

Table 3 Comparison of social presence by indicators

Dimensions	Indicators	Significance of difference (MIM vs. forum)
Dimensions	Indicators	Mann-Whitney U	Wilcoxon W	Z	Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
Affective	Expression of emotions	29,373	43,738	− 4.75	< 0.001*
	Use of humor	34,422	48,787	− 1.50	0.133
	Self-disclosure	34,486	122,057	− 0.71	0.480
Interactive	Continuing an idea	34,368	48,733	− 0.66	0.509
	Asking questions	34,983	49,348	− 0.41	0.684
	Complimenting, expressing appreciation	33,461	47,826	− 1.60	0.109
	Expressing agreement	33,203	120,774	− 2.00	0.046*
Cohesive	Vocatives	31,777	119,348	− 3.90	< 0.001*
	Addressing the group with inclusive pronouns	33,118	120,689	− 1.60	0.110
	Phatics	29,223	43,588	− 5.16	< 0.001*
	Providing support	34,223	48,588	− 2.32	0.021*