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Table 3 Comparison of social presence by indicators

From: Does mobile instant messaging facilitate social presence in online communication? A two-stage study of higher education students

Dimensions

Indicators

Significance of difference (MIM vs. forum)

Mann-Whitney U

Wilcoxon W

Z

Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)

Affective

Expression of emotions

29,373

43,738

− 4.75

< 0.001*

Use of humor

34,422

48,787

− 1.50

0.133

Self-disclosure

34,486

122,057

− 0.71

0.480

Interactive

Continuing an idea

34,368

48,733

− 0.66

0.509

Asking questions

34,983

49,348

− 0.41

0.684

Complimenting, expressing appreciation

33,461

47,826

− 1.60

0.109

Expressing agreement

33,203

120,774

− 2.00

0.046*

Cohesive

Vocatives

31,777

119,348

− 3.90

< 0.001*

Addressing the group with inclusive pronouns

33,118

120,689

− 1.60

0.110

Phatics

29,223

43,588

− 5.16

< 0.001*

Providing support

34,223

48,588

− 2.32

0.021*

  1. *p < 0.05