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Table 2 Descriptive statistics, Cronbach’s alpha, composite reliability, and average variance extracted

From: The roles of academic engagement and digital readiness in students’ achievements in university e-learning environments

Constructs

Item

Mean

Standard Deviation

Cronbach’s alpha

Composite Reliability

AVE

1. Academic engagement (AE)

AE1

3.11

1.06

0.833

0.883

0.601

AE2

3.27

1.04

   

AE3

3.22

1.05

   

AE4

3.54

0.99

   

AE5

3.20

0.98

   

2. E-learning adoption (EA)

EA1

2.93

1.18

0.864

0.916

0.785

EA2

2.56

1.26

   

EA3

3.05

1.31

   

3. E-learning attitude (ET)

ET1

3.31

1.03

0.934

0.953

0.834

ET2

3.31

1.00

   

ET3

3.19

0.98

   

ET4

3.34

0.96

   

4. Digital readiness (DR)

DR1

3.84

0.88

0.833

0.889

0.668

DR2

3.79

1.01

   

DR3

3.98

0.90

   

DR4

3.90

0.94

   

5. Academic achievement (GPA)

GPA

7.14

1.01

1.000

1.000

1.000