Table 4 Determinants of social media use in various higher education institutions (HEIs)

H1

Self-expression and productivity (PU1) → IU

0.19***

(0.00)

0.11**

(0.07)

0.31***

(0.00)

0.13

(0.15)

0.31***

(0.00)

Overall usefulness

(PU2) → IU

0.09***

(0.00)

0.12**

(0.02)

0.10***

(0.00)

0.15**

(0.04)

−0.04

(0.51)

H2

PEOU → IU

0.30***

(0.00)

0.34***

(0.00)

0.21***

(0.00)

0.32**

(0.01)

0.26***

(0.00)

H3

PEOU → Self-expression and productivity (PU1)

0.14***

(0.00)

0.09

(0.28)

0.25***

(0.00)

0.14

(0.38)

0.32***

(0.00)

PEOU → Overall usefulness (PU2)

0.75***

(0.00)

0.74***

(0.00)

0.66***

(0.00)

0.72***

(0.00)

0.78***

(0.00)

H4

SN → IU

0.26***

(0.00)

0.27***

(0.00)

0.26***

(0.00)

0.25**

(0.02)

0.17**

(0.04)

H5

Leisure and interest (PP1) → IU

0.02

(0.45)

0.08

(0.10)

−0.05

(0.32)

0.14

(0.16)

0.05

(0.53)

Happiness (PP2) → IU

0.15***

(0.00)

0.14**

(0.02)

0.15***

(0.00)

0.05

(0.46)

0.22***

(0.00)

H6.a

Internet reliability → Self-expression and productivity (PU1)

0.02

(0.60)

0.03

(0.64)

−0.12*

(0.06)

0.15

(0.20)

0.20**

(0.02)

Internet reliability → Overall usefulness (PU2)

0.04

(0.37)

0.08

(0.22)

0.07

(0.38)

0.00

(0.98)

−0.05

(0.66)

H6.b

Internet reliability → PEOU

−0.03

(0.35)

0.03

(0.61)

0.00

(0.97)

−0.05

(0.58)

−0.08

(0.39)

H6.c

Internet speed → Self-expression and productivity (PU1)

−0.02

(0.70)

0.03

(0.64)

0.10

(0.18)

−0.23*

(0.09)

−0.29***

(0.00)

Internet speed → Overall usefulness (PU2)

−0.04

(0.46)

−0.11

(0.13)

−0.08

(0.40)

−0.06

(0.67)

0.25*

(0.06)

H6.d

Internet speed → PEOU

−0.02

(0.60)

−0.12

(0.78)

−0.09

(0.25)

0.03

(0.78)

0.03

(0.80)

H7

IU → AU

0.32***

(0.00)

0.26**

(0.05)

0.64***

(0.00)

0.37

(0.21)

0.23

(0.36)

n

496

189

166

62

79

Log likelihood

−5681.74

−2103.76

−1964.84

−592.94

−837.44

AIC

11413.49

4257.52

3979.68

1235.88

1724.88

BIC

11518.65

4338.57

4057.48

1289.06

1784.11